Read through the wiki on Modernism, it's mostly art.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism

That's a decent enough overview.

A good book but out of print, used copies are available, is Werner Haftmann's Painting in the Twentieth Century (2 volumes - one's images, the other mostly text).

https://www.amazon.com/Painting-Twentieth-Century-2-Volumes/dp/B000UDU2E6

Haftmann in particular tries to answer your question, what prompted the stylistic changes.