Command GP023-20NA... https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0751VFF2P?ref=ppx_pop_mob_ap_share
Is what you need it has just enough of these to use two per panel if you have the ten set. Been holding mine for months zero issue.
Yes, they hold fine on the underside surface of a desk. If in doubt, just use more strips.
They sell replacement strips pretty much everywhere they sell 3M command products, but Amazon has better bulk pricing. Here are the ones my wife ordered
Superglue is surprisingly safe, you can put it in an aquarium immediately after use. But I use command hooks (or just the sticky pad itself) to hang stuff I may want to move.