Charger is not compatible. Will not charge at full speed. You are limited to 15W. Even 7W will show up as "charging rapidly".

If a charger doesn't support PPS, don't buy it.

This is what you wanted: https://www.amazon.com/Charger-Anker-Adapter-Compact-Foldable/dp/B091DS2M8X/

Here are 5 that are all good chargers and should charge the 6 at full speeds. The first link is Best Buy, but you should be able to find it on Amazon or through Samsung directly:

https://www.bestbuy.com/site/samsung-25w-super-fast-charging-wall-charger-usb-c-black/6445194.p?skuId=6445194

https://smile.amazon.com/Belkin-Delivery-Charger-Adapter-Enabled/dp/B092PRSQMX/ref=sr_1_3?keywords=pd+PPS&qid=1636388522&s=wireless&sr=1-3

https://smile.amazon.com/Charger-Spigen-Charging-iPhone-Enabled/dp/B09F64WHWY/ref=sr_1_23?keywords=pd+PPS&qid=1636388522&s=wireless&sr=1-23

https://smile.amazon.com/gp/product/B08PSR4R37/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_asin_title_o00_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1

https://smile.amazon.com/Charger-Anker-Adapter-Compact-Foldable/dp/B091DS2M8X/ref=sr_1_15?_encoding=UTF8&c=ts&dchild=1&keywords=Cell+Phone+Wall+Chargers&qid=1635947292&refinements=p_89%3AAnker&rnid=2528832011&s=wireless&sr=1-15&ts_id=12557637011

I'm not too sure if the 14 pro camera bump is bigger than 13 pro or not. At least for the 13 pro, it won't fit perfectly, but still charges fine. See https://appleinsider.com/articles/21/09/23/iphone-13-pro-not-a-perfect-fit-with-magsafe-duo-but-charging-is-unaffected

Yes, you can still charge when it's folded up. See https://youtu.be/MgiJmXuKiDw?t=320

Aftermarket USB-C cables will work.

According to the official specs (https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT211925), 9V/2.2A will let the phone to charge up to 11W. To get the full 14W speed, you'll need 9V/3A. I believe it's usually a 30W chargers. This one should work: https://www.amazon.com/Charger-Anker-Adapter-Compact-Foldable/dp/B091DS2M8X