Those will work, but might interfere with the second port, so you might not be able to charge at the same time. I opted for this one: https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B01COOQIKU/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_search_asin_title?ie=UTF8&psc=1
Welcome to Mac!
Yes it comes with a USB 3.1 Gen 1 Type A to Type B cable.
Is this the type of adapter you're referring to?
I use both of these on my 351P, these were recommended from RetroGameCorps videos and it works just fine
I'm not sure that exists but a short cable puts no more stress on the plug that your charger.
Anker is a great brand:
https://www.amazon.com/Anker-Adapter-Converts-Technology-Compatible/dp/B01COOQIKU